Sir Vijay Kumar Malhotra has taken our class, he emphasis on use of Unicode and how Unicode differ from others.
Saturday, 31 October 2009
Class of Mr.Vijay Kumar Malhotra
Sir Vijay Kumar Malhotra has taken our class, he emphasis on use of Unicode and how Unicode differ from others.
khalsa college magzine
hello frnds khalsa college publish its own magzine `TEGH` every year.if any student of web jornalism is intersted to give their own written NOTES,VIEWS,POEM, STORY OR WANT TO SHARE LIFE EXPERINCE. please give their name to undersigned
BHUPENDER SINGH
OR MEET ASHA MEHTA MAM (CONVINER OF HINDI DEPARTMENT)
BHUPENDER SINGH
OR MEET ASHA MEHTA MAM (CONVINER OF HINDI DEPARTMENT)
A Few Facts of Adolf’s life
A Few Facts of Adolf’s life
The terror during his years of power can be best said in his own words: “… Cruelty impresses, people want to be afraid of something. They want someone to whom they can submit with a shudder, the masses need that. They need something to dread…”
ADOLF………..
Adolf Hitler, a name that is enough to express the literal meaning of cruelty.
But this man was also dangled in the sound chains of love with Eva Braun, the only woman to have figured in Hitler’s life. She stood by him through thick and thin right till the end.
Eva Braun was born the middle of three sisters into a Catholic family on 6 February 1912. She was educated at a lyceum, then for one year at a business school in a convent where she had average grades and a talent for athletics.
Eva Braun, at 17, met Adolf Hitler the first time when she was working in
In a letter to her sister Gretl Eva Braun later wrote about the meeting.
Hitler soon became attracted to the young woman and began showing little favors to her.
In 1931 the 19-year-old Eva wrote a letter to the Adolf Hitler expressing her views on their friendship.
Eva Braun soon agreed to follow Hitler. Their attraction was immediate, and over the objection of her lower-middle-class Bavarian parents, she continued the relation.
But Adolf Hitler showed only intermittent interest in Eva and she made two suicide attempts in August 1932 and in May 1935.
After Braun's recovery, Hitler became more committed to her and arranged for the substantial royalties from widely published and popular photographs of him taken by Hoffmann's photo studio to pay for a villa in Wasserburgerstrasse, a
Eva Braun spent much time exercising, brooding, and reading novelettes. Eva Braun had spent most of her life waiting for Adolf Hitler and she had agreed to share his fate.
On April 15, 1945, Braun travelled by car from
From our first meeting on, I have promised myself to follow you wherever you go, even to death. You know that I live only for your love.
As a reward for her loyalty Hitler finally gave way and on the last day of his life married her.
They got married in the early hours of April 29, 1945, as a crowning award for her loyalty to the end. The marriage document survived. Goebbels and Bormann signed as witnesses.
Adolf Hitler in order to escape the disgrace of deposition or capitulation - choose death. Braun and Hitler committed suicide together on 30 April 1945 at around 3:30 p.m. The occupants of the bunker heard a gunshot and the bodies were soon discovered. She had bitten onto a cyanide capsule and Hitler used a combination method, shooting himself in the right temple immediately after biting a cyanide capsule. Braun was 33 years old when she died. Their corpses were burned in the Reich Chancellery garden just outside the bunker's emergency exit.
This was the end of a great love story but the man Adolf Hitler, a legend by himself was responsible for the death of millions of people, will go down in the annals of history forever.
आज के मुख्य समाचार में आप सभी का स्वागत है
इंटरनेट में बड़ा बदलाव - इंटरनेट के पते अब दूसरी भाषाओं में भी --राजीव रंजन सिन्हा
इंटरनेट की नियामक संस्था आईसीएएनएन ने इस प्रस्ताव को मंज़ूरी दे दी है कि इंटरनेट के डोमेन नेम यानी पते अब अंग्रेज़ी के अलावा दूसरी भाषाओं में भी हों.
इसका मतलब है कि आने वाले दिनों में आप अपनी वेबसाइट का पता ग़ैर लेटिन भाषा में यानी हिंदी, चीनी या अरबी आदि भाषा में भी रख सकेंगे.
इस समय दुनिया भर में इंटरनेट का उपयोग करने वाले 1.6 अरब लोगों में से आधे से अधिक लोग ऐसी भाषा बोलते हैं जिसकी लिपि लेटिन नहीं है.
40 साल के इंटरनेट के इतिहास में इसे सबसे बड़ा बदलाव माना जा रहा है. शुरुआती दिनों में लैटिन भाषा ने कोई दिक़्कत पैदा नहीं की क्योंकि उन दिनों इंटरनेट का प्रयोग करने वाले लोग या तो अंग्रेज़ी भाषी थे या फिर उन भाषाओं के थे जो लैटिन लिपि में ही काम करते थे.
इसके तहत इंटरनेट के डोमेन नाम अनुदित हो जाएंगे और दूसरी भाषा में एक आईपी एड्रेस बन जाएगा लेकिन यह बदलाव कंप्यूटर के नंबरों के ज़रिए होगा.
यह प्रस्ताव 2008 में स्वीकार किया गया था जिसके तहत डोमेन नाम इत्यादि एशियाई, अरबी और अन्य लिपियों में भी रखे जा सकेंगे. और पिछले दो साल से अधिक समय से इसका परीक्षण किया जा रहा था.
इंटरनेट को आपरेशन फॉर एसाइन्ड नेम्स एंड नंबर्स (आईसीएएनएन) के अनुसार गैर लैटिन लिपि में आवेदन स्वीकार करने का कार्य 16 नवंबर को शुरु होगा और 2010 के मध्य में इसका प्रयोग शुरु हो जाने की संभावना है.
संभावना है कि सबसे पहले जिन ग़ैर लैटिन भाषा के पते शुरु किए जाएँगे उनमें चीनी और अरबी हैं और इसके बाद रूसी का नंबर आएगा.
थाईलैंड और चीन में इस तकनीक का इस्तेमाल कर उनकी भाषा में आईपी एड्रेस तैयार होते हैं लेकिन इन्हें अभी तक अंतरराष्ट्रीय मान्यता प्राप्त नहीं है इसलिए ये सभी कंप्यूटरों पर काम नहीं करते.
आईसीएनएन का गठन अमरीका ने 1998 में किया था जिससे कि इंटरनेट में चल रही गतिविधियों पर नज़र रखी जा सके.
अमरीकी नियंत्रण के लिए कई सालों की आलोचना के बाद पिछले महीने ही अमरीका ने लाभ अर्जित करने के दायरे से बाहर रहने वाली इस संस्था को नियंत्रण मुक्त करने की घोषणा की थी.
अमरीका ने पहली अक्तूबर से इसे नियंत्रण मुक़्त करने के लिए एक समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए थे.
क्लास-रिपोर्टद्वारा
राजीव रंजन सिन्हा
जैसा कि हम सभी जानते हैं कि पिछले सप्ताह शुक्रवार को इन्द्रप्रस्थ विश्व-विद्द्यालय से संबद्ध आतिश परासर सर ने हम लोगों के क्लास में वेब पत्रकारिता से सम्बंधित कई अति-महत्वपूर्ण जानकारियों को प्रस्तुत किया।खासकर वेब पत्रकारिता से जुड़े आधारभूत तथ्यों पर चर्चा करते हुए उन्होनें बताया कि हाइपर टेक्स्ट क्या होता है तथा इसका महत्व क्या है।इसके अलावे मल्टीमीडिया की विशेषता तथा उसकी भूमिका से हम सभी को अवगत कराया और इन्तेरा एक्टिविटी का इन्टरनेट के माध्यम में क्या भूमिका है आदि बातों को भी सर ने हमलोगों के समक्ष रखा।
वेब पत्रकारिता की तकनिकी पहलुओं पर ध्यान दिलाते हुए उन्होनें डोमेन नेम तथा साईबर स्पेस के मह्त्व को भी समझाया, दूसरी ओर उन्होनें ये भी बताया कि हाइपर टेक्स्ट को एच.टी. एम्. एल. के माध्यम से लोड किया जा सकता है। इन्टरनेट की विभिन्न विशेषताओं की ओर इंगित करते हुए सूचना प्राप्ति के अन्य माध्यमों कीजानकारी दी।
उन्होनें दिस्सेमिनाटिंग इन्फोर्मेशन कि विधियों एवं टूल्स के बारे में विस्तृत चर्चा करते हुए सहभागी वेब तथा यूज़र फोकस्ड वेब में अन्तर, उसके महत्व एवं विभिन्न भूमिकाओं से भी अवगत कराया।
पॉडकास्टिंग के बारे में चर्चा करते हुए उन्होनें कहा कि इसके माध्यम से पी पी टी के साथ ऑडियो को मर्ज़ कियाजा सकता है।
ब्लॉग निर्माण से लेकर इसकी वर्तमान समय में क्या प्रासंगिकता है, इस ओर भी उन्होनें ध्यान दिलाया इसके अलावे ब्लॉग अग्ग्रीगेटर क्या होता है तथा इसका मह्त्व क्या होता है इत्यादि बातों से भी हमलोगों को रु-ब- रू कराया ।
उन्होनें बातों ही बातों में एक अच्छे पत्रकार की व्यक्तित्व -विशेषता तथा वर्तमान समय में उनकी भूमिका को भी समझाने का प्रयास किया जैसे उन्होनें कहा कि एक पत्रकार के पास विकसित दृष्टिकोण, अच्छी एवं स्पष्ट लेखनशैली, सामजिक संवेदनशीलता, कर्तव्य-निष्ठता एवं इमानदारी आदि उच्च मानवीय गुण अवश्य होने चाहिए।
Friday, 30 October 2009
माइक्रोसॉफ्ट ने भारत में पेश किया विंडोज 7
सॉफ्टवेयर बनाने वाली अग्रणी कंपनी माइक्रोसॉफ्ट ने विंडोज आपरेटिंग सिस्टम का ताजा संस्करण विंडोज 7 भारतीय बाजार में पेश किया है। विंडोज 7 विंडोज विस्ता के मुकाबले अधिक भरोसेमंद और तेज है। कंपनी का दावा है कि विंडोज 7 तैयार करने में उद्योग के इतिहास में सबसे बड़े टेस्टिंग प्रोग्राम का सहारा लिया गया है।
सॉफ्टवेयर बनाने वाली अग्रणी कंपनी माइक्रोसॉफ्ट ने विंडोज आपरेटिंग सिस्टम का ताजा संस्करण विंडोज 7 भारतीय बाजार में पेश किया है। विंडोज 7 विंडोज विस्ता के मुकाबले अधिक भरोसेमंद और तेज है। कंपनी का दावा है कि विंडोज 7 तैयार करने में उद्योग के इतिहास में सबसे बड़े टेस्टिंग प्रोग्राम का सहारा लिया गया है।
दिल्ल्ली की लोकल न्यूज़
आज की कुछ महत्वपूर्ण खबरें इस प्रकार हैं:-
#सबसे बड़ा अग्नि कांड
*जयपुर के आई ओ सी के फ्यूल डिपो में लगी भयंकर आग ।
*हादसे में २० की मो़त और २५० से ज्यादा घायल ।
*कल शाम ७.३० बजे लगी आग अब तक धूं-धूं कर जल रही है ।
*डिपो में रुक -रुक कर हो रहे हैं धमाके ।
*आग बुझने में नाकाम रहा हर प्रशाशन ,कहा जा रहा है के पेट्रोल के खत्म हो जाने पर ही बुझेगी आग ।
*अब तक करीब ७०० करोण का नुकसान हो चुका है ।
*डिपो के १२ टेंकर जल कर खाक ।
*गेल ने गैस सप्लाई की बंद ।
*१५ बडी फेक्ट्रियां तथा ५० मकान खाक ।
#गुजरात के सी ऍम नरेंदर मोदी को स्वाइन फ्लू हुआ ,अच् १अन १ वायरस की हुई पुष्टि ।
#महंगाई ने आम आदमी की जेब पर चलाई कैंची ।
*महंगाई दर १.५१ % पर पिछले साल के मुकाबले सितम्बर में उत्पाद एवम सेवाएँ १३% ज्यादा महंगी ।
*अमेरिकी अर्थव्यवस्था आर्थिक मंदी से मुक्त ।
# आल द बेस्ट ,दिल्ली के लिए अब रेस शुरू बन्किंघ्म पैलेस में महारानी एलिजाबेथ ने बेतैन राष्टपति प्रतिभा पाटिल को सोपीं।
*बेतैन हासिल होने पर खुशी का इजहार करते हुए उन्होंने इसे खेल मंत्री ऍम .एस.गिल और फ़िर अभिनव बिंद्रा के
हाथों में सोपीं । इससे पहले हुए रंगारंग कार्यकर्म ।
#कोल्कता मेट्रो से आगे निकली दिल्ली मेट्रो ।
*कोल्कता मेट्रो सेका परिचालन १९८२ में हुआ था लेकिन अब तक वह मुनाफे में नही आई ,वहीं दिल्ली मेट्रो का मुनाफा दुनिया में संचालित मेट्रो प्रणालियों में शुमार हो चुका है ।
#पाक वार्ता के लिए कोई शर्त नही राखी गई -पी.ऍम ।
#विल्स लाइफस्टाइल इंडिया फैशन वीक का हुआ धमाके डर अंत ,कई जनि -मानी हस्तियों ने रैंप पर शिरकत की ।
# दिल्ली में परिवहन का किराया बढ़ने के बाद अब दूध हुआ महंगा ,मदर डेयरी ने बढाए रेट ।
#सबसे बड़ा अग्नि कांड
*जयपुर के आई ओ सी के फ्यूल डिपो में लगी भयंकर आग ।
*हादसे में २० की मो़त और २५० से ज्यादा घायल ।
*कल शाम ७.३० बजे लगी आग अब तक धूं-धूं कर जल रही है ।
*डिपो में रुक -रुक कर हो रहे हैं धमाके ।
*आग बुझने में नाकाम रहा हर प्रशाशन ,कहा जा रहा है के पेट्रोल के खत्म हो जाने पर ही बुझेगी आग ।
*अब तक करीब ७०० करोण का नुकसान हो चुका है ।
*डिपो के १२ टेंकर जल कर खाक ।
*गेल ने गैस सप्लाई की बंद ।
*१५ बडी फेक्ट्रियां तथा ५० मकान खाक ।
#गुजरात के सी ऍम नरेंदर मोदी को स्वाइन फ्लू हुआ ,अच् १अन १ वायरस की हुई पुष्टि ।
#महंगाई ने आम आदमी की जेब पर चलाई कैंची ।
*महंगाई दर १.५१ % पर पिछले साल के मुकाबले सितम्बर में उत्पाद एवम सेवाएँ १३% ज्यादा महंगी ।
*अमेरिकी अर्थव्यवस्था आर्थिक मंदी से मुक्त ।
# आल द बेस्ट ,दिल्ली के लिए अब रेस शुरू बन्किंघ्म पैलेस में महारानी एलिजाबेथ ने बेतैन राष्टपति प्रतिभा पाटिल को सोपीं।
*बेतैन हासिल होने पर खुशी का इजहार करते हुए उन्होंने इसे खेल मंत्री ऍम .एस.गिल और फ़िर अभिनव बिंद्रा के
हाथों में सोपीं । इससे पहले हुए रंगारंग कार्यकर्म ।
#कोल्कता मेट्रो से आगे निकली दिल्ली मेट्रो ।
*कोल्कता मेट्रो सेका परिचालन १९८२ में हुआ था लेकिन अब तक वह मुनाफे में नही आई ,वहीं दिल्ली मेट्रो का मुनाफा दुनिया में संचालित मेट्रो प्रणालियों में शुमार हो चुका है ।
#पाक वार्ता के लिए कोई शर्त नही राखी गई -पी.ऍम ।
#विल्स लाइफस्टाइल इंडिया फैशन वीक का हुआ धमाके डर अंत ,कई जनि -मानी हस्तियों ने रैंप पर शिरकत की ।
# दिल्ली में परिवहन का किराया बढ़ने के बाद अब दूध हुआ महंगा ,मदर डेयरी ने बढाए रेट ।
thought of the day
When you are stuck,CREATIVITY will move you forward.When the goal seems completely out of reach,CREATIVITY will open up a way there.
Thursday, 29 October 2009
The last class which was held on Wednesday, 26 October 2009 was conducted by Mr. Atish Parashar (Lecturer of Mass Comm in IP University), in which he talked about the art of writing for Web Journalism. He emphasized on the fact that art of writing is different in all the mediums of mass communication, be it Print, Television, Radio or Web, though, the news conveyed is more or less the same. Online Journalism should combine the features of both-Print & T.V...One should write responsibly, things, which one think should be documented. Space, time, audio & video should not be disrespected while writing anything. There is an urgent need to write in simple plain English on the web which could be easily understood by the target audience. As writing is all about communicating, there should not be any case, wherein, the readers need to switch to the dictionary. Sentences should not be over-complicated. They should be clear, crispy and catchy. The whole effort of writing goes into vain, if the reader does not understands the point because of ambiguity in writing style.
'Those who write clearly have readers; those who write obscurely have commentators'-ALBERT CAMUS
Mr.Parashar also briefed us about Amateur Writing & how can it be caught. This kind of writing is always verbose (wrong use of verb) ,it uses lots of complicated words & takes around four pages to say what can be said in one page.
'The irony of simple writing is that it's hard to do'
With the arrival of Internet, democratization of content has changed into freedom because there is no check in the world of web. Still, one should write responsibly. A Journalist should be creative, imaginative, and open like an encyclopedia. Trust, judgment, mental fitness, quickness are the basic attributes needed to be a journalist. For a Journalist, identification of the source of the news is of utmost importance. One needs to understand the technical aspects too while writing. It should be always kept in mind,’ writing for whom’? Any writing must be persuasive, motivational, informative & entertaining. It should not be purposeless, vague, meaningless and ambiguous.
ज्योति के फीड बेक पर
ज्योति का आतिश पार्षर की क्लास पर दिया गया फीड बेक अच्छा रहा । ज्योति ने जरुरी बातो पर गोर किया व एक अच्छा फीड बेक दिया ।
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते(orignal)
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते
जगता ना कोई स्वार्थ ह्रदय में
होता ना कुर्सी का लालच
होते ना फ़िर पाप भी हमसे
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते
होता सहज हमारा जीवन
छल में ध्यान ना मन
कुदरत की गोदी में पलते
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते
पढ़ लिखकर ज्ञानी बन बैठे
रहते अहम में ऐंठे ऐंठे
भावः ना होते अभिमानी से
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते
दीनों का शोषण ना करते
अपने दोष कहीं ना मढ़ते
क्योंकि हम ईशवर से डरते
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते
शिक्षा का कोई दोष नहीं है ।
हमको स्वयं ही होश नहीं है ।
उल्टी गिनती कभी ना करते
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते ।
जगता ना कोई स्वार्थ ह्रदय में
होता ना कुर्सी का लालच
होते ना फ़िर पाप भी हमसे
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते
होता सहज हमारा जीवन
छल में ध्यान ना मन
कुदरत की गोदी में पलते
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते
पढ़ लिखकर ज्ञानी बन बैठे
रहते अहम में ऐंठे ऐंठे
भावः ना होते अभिमानी से
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते
दीनों का शोषण ना करते
अपने दोष कहीं ना मढ़ते
क्योंकि हम ईशवर से डरते
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते
शिक्षा का कोई दोष नहीं है ।
हमको स्वयं ही होश नहीं है ।
उल्टी गिनती कभी ना करते
काश अगर हम अनपढ़ रहते ।
फीड बेक ऑफ़ क्लास २५-१०-२००९
नमस्ते दोस्तों ,
हमारी पिछली क्लास में हमे माननीय "आतिश पराशर जी " ने वेब जर्नालिस्म व उससे जुड़े अन्य पहलुओं पर बात की । उन्होंने हमे बताया के किस प्रकार अपनी बात को दूसरो तक पहुचाना तथा किसी बात को समाचार बनाना किस प्रकार एक कला है । इसके साथ ही उन्होंने यह भी बताया की किस तरह एक ही ख़बर को अलग -अलग माध्यमों द्वारा प्रस्तुत करने के लिए उसके प्रस्तुतीकरण के अंदाज को भी बदलना पड़ता है , जैसे रेडियो के द्वारा हम केवल सुन ही सकते हैं और टी.वि के द्वारा देख भी सकते हैं तथा समाचार पत्र में हमे केवल पढने की ही सुविधा प्राप्त है इसलिए इन तीनो ही माध्यमो द्वारा जब हम कोई समाचार पेश करतें हैं तो उसे हर माध्यम पर पेश करने का ढंग अलग होगा ,परन्तु जब हम इन्टरनेट या वेब के लिए लिखते हैं तो हमे अपनी लेखनी में इन तीनो तरह के माध्यमो में पेश की जाने वाली शेली का मिला -जुला रूप प्रस्तुत करना पड़ता है क्यूंकि इन्टरनेट द्वारा हमे देखने ,सुनने ,पढने तथा लिखने की भी सुविधा मिलती है ।
उन्होंने हमे यह भी बताया की एक वेब जर्नालिस्म के पत्रकार को सदेव लिखते समय वेब के प्रति अपनी जिम्मेदारी को समझते हुए सोच समझ कर व कलात्मक तरीके से लिखना चाहिए ।
इसके साथ ही उन्होंने हमे ओंन लाइन जर्नालिस्म के लिए लेखन के लिए जरुरी कुछ महतवपूर्ण पहलुओं से भी रुबरु कराया , उन्होंने बताया के वेब के लिए लिखते समय चाहे हम किसी भी भाषा का प्रयोग करें परन्तु हमे हमेशा उस भाषा के सरलतम शब्दों का प्रयोग करते हुए अपने लेख का निर्माण करना चाहिए और ये यद् रखना चाहिए के हम किसके लिए और क्या लिख रहें हैं । एक अच्छा लेख लिखते समय हमे यह ध्यान रखना चाहिए की लेख छोटा ,सरल ,स्पष्ट,मजेदार व पाठक को आकर्षित करने वाला हो ।
इसके साथ ही उन्होंने अपरिपक्व लेखन के भी कुछ उदाहरन देते हुए एक परिपक्व और अपरिपक्व लेखन में अंतर स्पष्ट किया ।
इसके अतिरिक्त इन्टरनेट से जुड़ी कुछ टेक्निकल बातों को भी जाग्रत करते हुए अनालोग और डिजीटल में अंतर बताया और इन्टरनेट के बारे में अपने विचार व्यक्त किए ।
अंत में उन्होंने यह स्पष्ट कियस की एक पत्रकार की लेखन के विषय में क्या सीमाएं हैं और एक सफल पत्रकार के गुणों के बारे में भी बताया की एक पत्रकार को निर्णायक , विश्वासी ,दिमागी रूप से स्वस्थ तथा तेज होना चाहिए ।
इस प्रकार हमारी जिज्ञासाओं को शांत करते हुए एक मत्वपूर्ण लेक्चर का हुआ ।
धन्यवाद
हमारी पिछली क्लास में हमे माननीय "आतिश पराशर जी " ने वेब जर्नालिस्म व उससे जुड़े अन्य पहलुओं पर बात की । उन्होंने हमे बताया के किस प्रकार अपनी बात को दूसरो तक पहुचाना तथा किसी बात को समाचार बनाना किस प्रकार एक कला है । इसके साथ ही उन्होंने यह भी बताया की किस तरह एक ही ख़बर को अलग -अलग माध्यमों द्वारा प्रस्तुत करने के लिए उसके प्रस्तुतीकरण के अंदाज को भी बदलना पड़ता है , जैसे रेडियो के द्वारा हम केवल सुन ही सकते हैं और टी.वि के द्वारा देख भी सकते हैं तथा समाचार पत्र में हमे केवल पढने की ही सुविधा प्राप्त है इसलिए इन तीनो ही माध्यमो द्वारा जब हम कोई समाचार पेश करतें हैं तो उसे हर माध्यम पर पेश करने का ढंग अलग होगा ,परन्तु जब हम इन्टरनेट या वेब के लिए लिखते हैं तो हमे अपनी लेखनी में इन तीनो तरह के माध्यमो में पेश की जाने वाली शेली का मिला -जुला रूप प्रस्तुत करना पड़ता है क्यूंकि इन्टरनेट द्वारा हमे देखने ,सुनने ,पढने तथा लिखने की भी सुविधा मिलती है ।
उन्होंने हमे यह भी बताया की एक वेब जर्नालिस्म के पत्रकार को सदेव लिखते समय वेब के प्रति अपनी जिम्मेदारी को समझते हुए सोच समझ कर व कलात्मक तरीके से लिखना चाहिए ।
इसके साथ ही उन्होंने हमे ओंन लाइन जर्नालिस्म के लिए लेखन के लिए जरुरी कुछ महतवपूर्ण पहलुओं से भी रुबरु कराया , उन्होंने बताया के वेब के लिए लिखते समय चाहे हम किसी भी भाषा का प्रयोग करें परन्तु हमे हमेशा उस भाषा के सरलतम शब्दों का प्रयोग करते हुए अपने लेख का निर्माण करना चाहिए और ये यद् रखना चाहिए के हम किसके लिए और क्या लिख रहें हैं । एक अच्छा लेख लिखते समय हमे यह ध्यान रखना चाहिए की लेख छोटा ,सरल ,स्पष्ट,मजेदार व पाठक को आकर्षित करने वाला हो ।
इसके साथ ही उन्होंने अपरिपक्व लेखन के भी कुछ उदाहरन देते हुए एक परिपक्व और अपरिपक्व लेखन में अंतर स्पष्ट किया ।
इसके अतिरिक्त इन्टरनेट से जुड़ी कुछ टेक्निकल बातों को भी जाग्रत करते हुए अनालोग और डिजीटल में अंतर बताया और इन्टरनेट के बारे में अपने विचार व्यक्त किए ।
अंत में उन्होंने यह स्पष्ट कियस की एक पत्रकार की लेखन के विषय में क्या सीमाएं हैं और एक सफल पत्रकार के गुणों के बारे में भी बताया की एक पत्रकार को निर्णायक , विश्वासी ,दिमागी रूप से स्वस्थ तथा तेज होना चाहिए ।
इस प्रकार हमारी जिज्ञासाओं को शांत करते हुए एक मत्वपूर्ण लेक्चर का हुआ ।
धन्यवाद
Tuesday, 27 October 2009
Delhi local news of monday let's update it
NEWS
MIKKI KUMAR DATE: 26-10-2009
SOON, DUAL DEGREE FOR “DTU” STUDENTS
Come 2010, the new entrants at Delhi Technological University (DTU) will be offered an additional one-year MBA course at the end of their BTech studies. An MBA programme in addition to the Four Year BTech course would ensure the students have a dual-degree with specialization in technology, knowledge or innovation.
The dual-degree would be introduced from 2010-11 academic session, where by BTech students would be eligible to opt for the one year MBA programme at the end of their third year.
IIT COMES UP WITH ITS RTI “SHIELD”
Stung by the exposure of admission anomalies in recent years, the IIT system has come up with an innovative method of blocking transparency even as it agreed to give data under RTI on the marks obtained by the four lakh candidates in this year’s joint entrance examination (JEE). It insisted on giving the data only in the hard copy running in to hundreds of thousands of pages rather than in the more convenient from of a CD.
The information seeker, Rajeev Kumar, a computer science professor in IIT Kharag pur, is crying foul. for, the hard copy would not only result in a steep increase in the cost of information but also make it almost impossible for him to detect irregularities in the latest JEE as he did in the three previous ones by analyzing the electronic data that had then by given to him under RTI.
SIGNAL REPAIR DISRUPTS METRO SERVICES ON LINE 3
Train services were affected b/w Barakhamba Road and Yamuna Bank Stations.
Passengers traveling on line 3 of the Delhi metro had a harrowing time on Sunday morning as the frequency of trains was reduced to 24-minutes with long stoppages DMRC, train services were mainly disrupted b/w Barakhamba Road and Yamuna Bank Stations from 6am to 12 noon due to maintenance work in the signaling system.
MIKKI KUMAR DATE: 26-10-2009
SOON, DUAL DEGREE FOR “DTU” STUDENTS
Come 2010, the new entrants at Delhi Technological University (DTU) will be offered an additional one-year MBA course at the end of their BTech studies. An MBA programme in addition to the Four Year BTech course would ensure the students have a dual-degree with specialization in technology, knowledge or innovation.
The dual-degree would be introduced from 2010-11 academic session, where by BTech students would be eligible to opt for the one year MBA programme at the end of their third year.
IIT COMES UP WITH ITS RTI “SHIELD”
Stung by the exposure of admission anomalies in recent years, the IIT system has come up with an innovative method of blocking transparency even as it agreed to give data under RTI on the marks obtained by the four lakh candidates in this year’s joint entrance examination (JEE). It insisted on giving the data only in the hard copy running in to hundreds of thousands of pages rather than in the more convenient from of a CD.
The information seeker, Rajeev Kumar, a computer science professor in IIT Kharag pur, is crying foul. for, the hard copy would not only result in a steep increase in the cost of information but also make it almost impossible for him to detect irregularities in the latest JEE as he did in the three previous ones by analyzing the electronic data that had then by given to him under RTI.
SIGNAL REPAIR DISRUPTS METRO SERVICES ON LINE 3
Train services were affected b/w Barakhamba Road and Yamuna Bank Stations.
Passengers traveling on line 3 of the Delhi metro had a harrowing time on Sunday morning as the frequency of trains was reduced to 24-minutes with long stoppages DMRC, train services were mainly disrupted b/w Barakhamba Road and Yamuna Bank Stations from 6am to 12 noon due to maintenance work in the signaling system.
Monday, 26 October 2009
Sunday, 25 October 2009
Saturday, 24 October 2009
Circulatory Disorder
''Like any other body system, the circulatory system can go wrong.
Problembs are often caused by blood by blood vessels -------
The delivery system, becoming blocked and stopping the flow"
In a disease called atherosclerosis layer of fatty material, build up inside arteries. Gradually, the artery gets narrower and narrower. When it is very narrow, a blood clot may form a block it completely. if this happens in the blood supply to a particular organ cut off.
If the blockage takes place in arteries supplying the brain , it can cause a stroke. If a blood supply is cut off, that part of the brain soon dies. The person affected can no longer move that part of the brain.
If blockage occurs in a coronary artery supplying the heart , it can cause heart attack. Part of the heart'muscle dies so that the heart work less efficiently. A heart attack can make a person very ill, and will kill them if the whole heart stop working .
Atherosclerosis is often linked to life style , people who smoke, eat fatty food, and get little exercise are much more likely to suffer from it.
Swollen Artery
Those arteries leaving the heart. And if one of artery get swell up like a balloon. This happened because the artery wall is thinner than it should be . Infact , wall is so thin it may burst.
Clotting
Clot formed inside a blood vessel can result a circulatory disease. The disease has mad the inside of the artery rough, and rough surface has encouraged the clot to form. This abnormal sort of clot called a Thrombus --- can cause heart attacks or strokes.
Heart Attack
The Coronary arteries should supply heart muscle with food and oxygen . If these arteries became narrower or blocked by build up of fatty material, the muscles in part of heart may cut off from its blood supply. If this happens, that part of heart dies, and person has a heart attack. In some cases , the heart attack kill the person.
Cause of stroke
A Stroke happens if part of the brain's blood supply is cut off .There are three main reason , why this may happen.
(1) A clot or thrombus block an artery supplying the brain.
(2) A clot --called an Embolus - that has travelled from another part of body blocks the artery .
(3) The brain artery burst open.
Brain bleeding
-Burst blood vessel, that has caused bleeding in brain has resulted in a stroke.
Build up
The branching of an artery is a danger point where narrowing can occur. fat and other materials build up on the wall of artery so that it gets narrower, and normally smooth lining of artery get rougher. This is more likely to happen in people who smoke, eat fatty foods and do not get regular exercise.
Friday, 23 October 2009
Atish Parashar with web journalism students
Atish Parashar ( Lecturer in Mass Com in IP UNIV) with web journalism students on 23 rd oct
Tuesday, 20 October 2009
Internet radio
Internet radio (also known as web radio, net radio, streaming radio and e-radio) is an audio broadcasting service transmitted via the Internet. Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means. Internet radio involves a streaming medium that presents listeners with a continuous "stream" of audio over which they have no control, much like traditional broadcast media; in this respect, it is distinct from "on-demand" file serving. Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming. Many Internet radio "stations" are associated with a corresponding traditional (or "terrestrial") radio station or radio network. Internet-only radio stations are independent of such associations.
Internet radio services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world—for example, one could listen to an Australian station from Europe or America. Some major networks like Clear Channel in the US and Chrysalis in the UK restrict listening to in country because of music licensing and advertising concerns.[citation needed] Internet radio remains popular among expatriates and listeners with interests that are often not adequately served by local radio stations (such as progressive rock, ambient music, folk music, classical music, and stand-up comedy). Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional radio stations.
[edit] Early history
In 1993, Carl Malamud launched Internet Talk Radio which was the "first computer-radio talk show, each week interviewing a computer expert."[1] This was Internet radio only insofar as it was conceptually a radio show on the Internet. As late as 1995, Internet Talk Radio was not available via multicast streaming; it was distributed "as audio files that computer users fetch one by one."[2] However Malamud was among the foremost proponents of multicasting technology. In late 1994, his Internet Multicasting Service was set to launch RTFM, a multicast Internet radio news station.[3] In January 1995, RTFM's news programming was expanded to include "live audio feeds from the House and Senate floors."[2]
A November 1994 Rolling Stones concert was the "first major cyberspace multicast concert." Mick Jagger opened the concert by saying, "I wanna say a special welcome to everyone that's, uh, climbed into the Internet tonight and, uh, has got into the M-bone. And I hope it doesn't all collapse."[2]
On November 7, 1994, WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, NC USA) became the first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet. WXYC used an FM radio connected to a system at SunSite, later known as Ibiblio, running Cornell's CU-SeeMe software. WXYC had begun test broadcasts and bandwidth testing as early as August, 1994.[4] WREK (91.1 FM, Atlanta, GA USA) started streaming on the same day using their own custom software called CyberRadio1. However, unlike WXYC, this was WREK's beta launch and the stream was not advertised until a later date.[5]
In 1995, Progressive Networks released RealAudio as a free download. Time magazine said that RealAudio took "advantage of the latest advances in digital compression" and delivered "AM radio-quality sound in so-called real time."[6] Eventually, "companies such as Nullsoft...and Microsoft" released streaming audio players "as free downloads".[7] As the software audio players became available, "many Web-based radio stations began springing up."[7]
In March 1996, Virgin Radio - London, became the first European radio station to broadcast its full program live on the internet[8]. It broadcast its FM signal, live from the source, simultaneously on the internet 24 hours a day[9].
Internet radio attracted significant media and investor attention in the late 1990s. In 1998, the initial public stock offering for Broadcast.com set a record at the time for the largest jump in price in stock offerings in the United States. The offering price was US$18 and the company's shares opened at US$68 on the first day of trading.[10] The company was losing money at the time and indicated in a prospectus filed with the Securities Exchange Commission that they expected the losses to continue indefinitely.[10] Yahoo! purchased Broadcast.com on July 20, 1999[11] for US$5.7 billion.[12]
[edit] US royalty controversy
In October 1998, the US Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). One result of the DMCA is that performance royalties are to be paid for satellite radio and Internet radio broadcasts in addition to publishing royalties. In contrast, traditional radio broadcasters pay only publishing royalties and no performance royalties.[13]
A rancorous dispute ensued over how performance royalties should be assessed for Internet broadcasters.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Some observers said that royalty rates that were being proposed were overly burdensome and intended to disadvantage independent Internet-only stations[13]—that "while Internet giants like AOL may be able to afford the new rates, many smaller Internet radio stations will have to shut down."[16] The Digital Media Association (DiMA) said that even large companies, like Yahoo! Music, might fail due to the proposed rates.[17] Some observers said that some U.S.-based Internet broadcasts might be moved to foreign jurisdictions where US royalties do not apply.[15]
Many of these critics organized SaveNetRadio.org, "a coalition of listeners, artists, labels and webcasters"[14] that opposed the proposed royalty rates. To focus attention on the consequences of the impending rate hike, many US Internet broadcasters participated in a "Day of Silence" on June 26, 2007. On that day, they shut off their audio streams or streamed ambient sound, sometimes interspersed with brief public service announcements. Notable participants included Rhapsody, Live365, MTV, Pandora, and SHOUTcast. Some others that did not participate, like Last.fm, stated that they did not want to punish their listeners.
SoundExchange, representing supporters of the increase in royalty rates, pointed out the fact that the rates were flat from 1998 through 2005 (see above), without even being increased to reflect cost-of-living increases. They also point to the fact that CBS recently purchased Last.FM for 280 million dollars,[19] and if internet radio is to build businesses from the product of recordings, the performers and owners of those recordings should receive fair compensation. Opponents[who?] argued that the purchase price paid for Last.FM reflected that it was primarily a social network service that included a radio service.
On May 1, 2007, SoundExchange came to an agreement with certain large webcasters regarding the minimum fees that were modified by the determination of the Copyright Royalty Board. While the CRB decision imposed a $500 per station or channel minimum fee for all webcasters, certain webcasters represented through DiMA negotiated a $50,000 "cap" on those fees with SoundExchange.[20] However, DiMA and SoundExchange continue to negotiate over the per song, per listener fees.
SoundExchange has also offered alternative rates and terms to certain eligible small webcasters, that allows them to calculate their royalties as a percentage of their revenue or expenses, instead of at a per performance rate.[21] To be eligible, a webcaster had to have revenues of less than $1.25 million dollars a year and stream less than 5 million "listener hours" a month (or an average of 6830 concurrent listeners).[22] These restrictions would disqualify independent webcasters like AccuRadio, DI.FM, Club977 and others from participating in the offer, and therefore many small commercial webcasters continue to negotiate a settlement with SoundExchange.[23]
An August 16, 2008 Washington Post article reported that although Pandora was "one of the nation's most popular Web radio services, with about 1 million listeners daily...the burgeoning company may be on the verge of collapse" due to the structuring of performance royalty payment for webcasters. "Traditional radio, by contrast, pays no such fee. Satellite radio pays a fee but at a less onerous rate, at least by some measures." The article indicated that "other Web radio outfits" may be "doom[ed]" for the same reasons.[24]
On September 30, 2008, the United States Congress passed "a bill that would put into effect any changes to the royalty rate to which [record labels and web casters] agree while lawmakers are out of session."[25] Although royalty rates are expected to decrease, many webcasters nevertheless predict difficulties generating sufficient revenue to cover their royalty payments.[25]
In January 2009, the US Copyright Royalty Board announced that "it will apply royalties to streaming net services based on revenue."[26]
[edit] Popularity
In 2003, revenue from "online streaming music radio" was US$49 million. By 2006, that figure rose to US$500 million.[17]
A February 21, 2007 "survey of 3,000 Americans released by consultancy Bridge Ratings & Research" found that "[a]s much as 19% of U.S. consumers 12 and older listen to Web-based radio stations." In other words, there were "some 57 million weekly listeners of Internet radio programs. More people listen to online radio than to satellite radio, high-definition [sic] radio, podcasts, or cell-phone-based radio combined."[17][27]
An April 2008 survey showed that, in the US, more than one in seven persons aged 25–54 years old listen to online radio each week.[28] In 2008, 13 percent of the American population listened to the radio online, compared with 11 percent in 2007.[28]
Current popular sites that have lists of streaming radio stations include Yahoo Radio, AOL Radio,ShoutCast, and Live 365.
Internet radio functionality is also built into many dedicated Internet radio device, which give an FM like receiver user experience.
Internet radio services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world—for example, one could listen to an Australian station from Europe or America. Some major networks like Clear Channel in the US and Chrysalis in the UK restrict listening to in country because of music licensing and advertising concerns.[citation needed] Internet radio remains popular among expatriates and listeners with interests that are often not adequately served by local radio stations (such as progressive rock, ambient music, folk music, classical music, and stand-up comedy). Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional radio stations.
[edit] Early history
In 1993, Carl Malamud launched Internet Talk Radio which was the "first computer-radio talk show, each week interviewing a computer expert."[1] This was Internet radio only insofar as it was conceptually a radio show on the Internet. As late as 1995, Internet Talk Radio was not available via multicast streaming; it was distributed "as audio files that computer users fetch one by one."[2] However Malamud was among the foremost proponents of multicasting technology. In late 1994, his Internet Multicasting Service was set to launch RTFM, a multicast Internet radio news station.[3] In January 1995, RTFM's news programming was expanded to include "live audio feeds from the House and Senate floors."[2]
A November 1994 Rolling Stones concert was the "first major cyberspace multicast concert." Mick Jagger opened the concert by saying, "I wanna say a special welcome to everyone that's, uh, climbed into the Internet tonight and, uh, has got into the M-bone. And I hope it doesn't all collapse."[2]
On November 7, 1994, WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, NC USA) became the first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet. WXYC used an FM radio connected to a system at SunSite, later known as Ibiblio, running Cornell's CU-SeeMe software. WXYC had begun test broadcasts and bandwidth testing as early as August, 1994.[4] WREK (91.1 FM, Atlanta, GA USA) started streaming on the same day using their own custom software called CyberRadio1. However, unlike WXYC, this was WREK's beta launch and the stream was not advertised until a later date.[5]
In 1995, Progressive Networks released RealAudio as a free download. Time magazine said that RealAudio took "advantage of the latest advances in digital compression" and delivered "AM radio-quality sound in so-called real time."[6] Eventually, "companies such as Nullsoft...and Microsoft" released streaming audio players "as free downloads".[7] As the software audio players became available, "many Web-based radio stations began springing up."[7]
In March 1996, Virgin Radio - London, became the first European radio station to broadcast its full program live on the internet[8]. It broadcast its FM signal, live from the source, simultaneously on the internet 24 hours a day[9].
Internet radio attracted significant media and investor attention in the late 1990s. In 1998, the initial public stock offering for Broadcast.com set a record at the time for the largest jump in price in stock offerings in the United States. The offering price was US$18 and the company's shares opened at US$68 on the first day of trading.[10] The company was losing money at the time and indicated in a prospectus filed with the Securities Exchange Commission that they expected the losses to continue indefinitely.[10] Yahoo! purchased Broadcast.com on July 20, 1999[11] for US$5.7 billion.[12]
[edit] US royalty controversy
In October 1998, the US Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). One result of the DMCA is that performance royalties are to be paid for satellite radio and Internet radio broadcasts in addition to publishing royalties. In contrast, traditional radio broadcasters pay only publishing royalties and no performance royalties.[13]
A rancorous dispute ensued over how performance royalties should be assessed for Internet broadcasters.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Some observers said that royalty rates that were being proposed were overly burdensome and intended to disadvantage independent Internet-only stations[13]—that "while Internet giants like AOL may be able to afford the new rates, many smaller Internet radio stations will have to shut down."[16] The Digital Media Association (DiMA) said that even large companies, like Yahoo! Music, might fail due to the proposed rates.[17] Some observers said that some U.S.-based Internet broadcasts might be moved to foreign jurisdictions where US royalties do not apply.[15]
Many of these critics organized SaveNetRadio.org, "a coalition of listeners, artists, labels and webcasters"[14] that opposed the proposed royalty rates. To focus attention on the consequences of the impending rate hike, many US Internet broadcasters participated in a "Day of Silence" on June 26, 2007. On that day, they shut off their audio streams or streamed ambient sound, sometimes interspersed with brief public service announcements. Notable participants included Rhapsody, Live365, MTV, Pandora, and SHOUTcast. Some others that did not participate, like Last.fm, stated that they did not want to punish their listeners.
SoundExchange, representing supporters of the increase in royalty rates, pointed out the fact that the rates were flat from 1998 through 2005 (see above), without even being increased to reflect cost-of-living increases. They also point to the fact that CBS recently purchased Last.FM for 280 million dollars,[19] and if internet radio is to build businesses from the product of recordings, the performers and owners of those recordings should receive fair compensation. Opponents[who?] argued that the purchase price paid for Last.FM reflected that it was primarily a social network service that included a radio service.
On May 1, 2007, SoundExchange came to an agreement with certain large webcasters regarding the minimum fees that were modified by the determination of the Copyright Royalty Board. While the CRB decision imposed a $500 per station or channel minimum fee for all webcasters, certain webcasters represented through DiMA negotiated a $50,000 "cap" on those fees with SoundExchange.[20] However, DiMA and SoundExchange continue to negotiate over the per song, per listener fees.
SoundExchange has also offered alternative rates and terms to certain eligible small webcasters, that allows them to calculate their royalties as a percentage of their revenue or expenses, instead of at a per performance rate.[21] To be eligible, a webcaster had to have revenues of less than $1.25 million dollars a year and stream less than 5 million "listener hours" a month (or an average of 6830 concurrent listeners).[22] These restrictions would disqualify independent webcasters like AccuRadio, DI.FM, Club977 and others from participating in the offer, and therefore many small commercial webcasters continue to negotiate a settlement with SoundExchange.[23]
An August 16, 2008 Washington Post article reported that although Pandora was "one of the nation's most popular Web radio services, with about 1 million listeners daily...the burgeoning company may be on the verge of collapse" due to the structuring of performance royalty payment for webcasters. "Traditional radio, by contrast, pays no such fee. Satellite radio pays a fee but at a less onerous rate, at least by some measures." The article indicated that "other Web radio outfits" may be "doom[ed]" for the same reasons.[24]
On September 30, 2008, the United States Congress passed "a bill that would put into effect any changes to the royalty rate to which [record labels and web casters] agree while lawmakers are out of session."[25] Although royalty rates are expected to decrease, many webcasters nevertheless predict difficulties generating sufficient revenue to cover their royalty payments.[25]
In January 2009, the US Copyright Royalty Board announced that "it will apply royalties to streaming net services based on revenue."[26]
[edit] Popularity
In 2003, revenue from "online streaming music radio" was US$49 million. By 2006, that figure rose to US$500 million.[17]
A February 21, 2007 "survey of 3,000 Americans released by consultancy Bridge Ratings & Research" found that "[a]s much as 19% of U.S. consumers 12 and older listen to Web-based radio stations." In other words, there were "some 57 million weekly listeners of Internet radio programs. More people listen to online radio than to satellite radio, high-definition [sic] radio, podcasts, or cell-phone-based radio combined."[17][27]
An April 2008 survey showed that, in the US, more than one in seven persons aged 25–54 years old listen to online radio each week.[28] In 2008, 13 percent of the American population listened to the radio online, compared with 11 percent in 2007.[28]
Current popular sites that have lists of streaming radio stations include Yahoo Radio, AOL Radio,ShoutCast, and Live 365.
Internet radio functionality is also built into many dedicated Internet radio device, which give an FM like receiver user experience.
Online newspaper
An online newspaper, also known as a web newspaper, is a newspaper that exists on the World Wide Web or Internet, either separately or as an online version of a printed periodical.
Going online created more opportunities for newspapers, such as competing with broadcast journalism in presenting breaking news in a more timely manner. The credibility and strong brand recognition of well-established newspapers, and the close relationships they have with advertisers, are also seen by many in the newspaper industry as strengthening their chances of survival.The movement away from the printing process can also help decrease costs.
Professional journalists have some advantages over blogs, as editors are normally aware of the potential for legal problems.
Online newspapers are much like hard-copy newspapers and have the same legal boundaries, such as laws regarding libel, privacy and copyright,also apply to online publications in most countries, like in the UK. Also in the UK the Data Protection Act applies to online newspapers and news pages. As well as the PCC rules in the UK. But the distinction was not very clear to the public in the UK as to what was a blog or forum site and what was an online newspaper. In 2007, a ruling was passed to formally regulate UK based online newspapers, news audio, and news video websites covering the responsibilities expected of them and to clear up what is, and what isn't, an online publication.
News reporters are being taught to shoot video and to write in the succinct manner necessary for the Internet news pages. Many are learning how to implement blogs and the ruling by the UK's PCC should help this development of the internet.
Journalism students in schools around the world are being taught about the "convergence" of all media and the need to have knowledge and skills involving print, broadcast and web.
Some newspapers have attempted to integrate the internet into every aspect of their operations, i.e., reporters writing stories for both print and online, and classified advertisements appearing in both media; others operate websites that are more distinct from the printed newspaper. The Newspaper National Network LP is an online advertising sales partnership of the Newspaper Association of America and 25 major newspaper companies.
Going online created more opportunities for newspapers, such as competing with broadcast journalism in presenting breaking news in a more timely manner. The credibility and strong brand recognition of well-established newspapers, and the close relationships they have with advertisers, are also seen by many in the newspaper industry as strengthening their chances of survival.The movement away from the printing process can also help decrease costs.
Professional journalists have some advantages over blogs, as editors are normally aware of the potential for legal problems.
Online newspapers are much like hard-copy newspapers and have the same legal boundaries, such as laws regarding libel, privacy and copyright,also apply to online publications in most countries, like in the UK. Also in the UK the Data Protection Act applies to online newspapers and news pages. As well as the PCC rules in the UK. But the distinction was not very clear to the public in the UK as to what was a blog or forum site and what was an online newspaper. In 2007, a ruling was passed to formally regulate UK based online newspapers, news audio, and news video websites covering the responsibilities expected of them and to clear up what is, and what isn't, an online publication.
News reporters are being taught to shoot video and to write in the succinct manner necessary for the Internet news pages. Many are learning how to implement blogs and the ruling by the UK's PCC should help this development of the internet.
Journalism students in schools around the world are being taught about the "convergence" of all media and the need to have knowledge and skills involving print, broadcast and web.
Some newspapers have attempted to integrate the internet into every aspect of their operations, i.e., reporters writing stories for both print and online, and classified advertisements appearing in both media; others operate websites that are more distinct from the printed newspaper. The Newspaper National Network LP is an online advertising sales partnership of the Newspaper Association of America and 25 major newspaper companies.
Work outside traditional press
Work outside traditional press
The Internet has also given rise to more participation by people who are not normally journalists, such as with Indy Media (Max Perez).
A research study conducted by Pew Research Center for The People & The Press offer a classification of newspaper readers and the movement of online readers. Around 46% of Americans are classified as Traditionalist. This means these people rely on traditional media sources like TV, newspaper and radio. Those in the Integrator category rely on traditional media as well as increasing internet news. This is around 23% of Americans. This is category is mostly of the baby boomer generation. The category that is now seeing an increase is the Net-Newsers. This is around 13% of Americans who rely mainly on the internet for their news. This category is mainly a younger generation like college graduates and who able to access the internet access easily whether it be a lap top, Blackberry or iPhone. This is where the future of readers and newspapers are headed.
Bloggers write on web logs or blogs. Traditional journalists often do not consider bloggers to automatically be journalists. This has more to do with standards and professional practices than the medium. But, as of 2005[update], blogging has generally gained at least more attention and has led to some effects on mainstream journalism, such as exposing problems related to a television piece about President Bush's National Guard Service.
Other significant tools of on-line journalism are Internet forums, discussion boards and chats, especially those representing the Internet version of official media. The widespread use of the Internet all over the world created a unique opportunity to create a meeting place for both sides in many conflicts, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Russian-Chechen War. Often this gives a unique chance to find new, alternative solutions to the conflict, but often the Internet is turned into the battlefield by contradicting parties creating endless "online battles."
The claim that on-line sources are less biased and more informative than the official media is often backed[weasel words] with the belief that on-line journalists are merely volunteers and freelancers who are not paid for their activity, and therefore are free from corporate ethics. But recently many Internet forums began to moderate their boards because of threat of vandalism.
Some online journalists have an ambition to replace the mainstream media in the long run. Some independent forums and discussion boards have already achieved a level of popularity comparable to mainstream news agencies such as television stations and newspapers.[citation needed]
Internet radio and Podcasts are other growing independent media based on the Internet.
Legal issues
One emerging problem with online journalism in the United States is that, in many states, individuals who publish only on the Web do not enjoy the same First Amendment rights as reporters who work for traditional print or broadcast media. As a result, unlike a newspaper, they are much more liable for such things as libel. In California, however, protection of anonymous sources was ruled to be the same for both kinds of journalism.
In Canada there are more ambiguities, as Canadian libel law permits suits to succeed even if no false statements of fact are involved, and even if matters of public controversy are being discussed. In British Columbia, as part of "a spate of lawsuits" against online news sites, according to legal columnist Michael Geist, several cases have put key issues in online journalism up for rulings. Green Party of Canada financier Wayne Crookes filed a suit in which he alleged damages for an online news service that republished resignation letters from that party and let users summarize claims they contained. He had demanded access to all the anonymous sources confirming the insider information, which Geist believed would be extremely prejudicial to online journalism. The lawsuit, "Crookes versus openpolitics", attracted attention from the BBC and major newspapers, perhaps because of its humorous name. Crookes had also objected to satire published on the site, including use of the name gang of Crookes for his allies.
Some experts including kumud ranjan believe that libel law is wholly incompatible with online journalism and that right of reply will eventually have to replace it. Otherwise commentary on events in places that give libel plaintiffs too many rights or powers will move to other jurisdictions and most of the comment will be made anonymous. Everyone would then lose rights and remedies, due to a few wealthy people with resources to launch libel suits on weak grounds. Jennifer Jannuska and other legal commentators have, while agreeing with strong protections for publishers who only host journalists, sometimes emphasize that the use of anonymizer technology makes even criminal abuses, not just libel, possible, and so should be avoided even if other rights are lost.
News collections
The Internet also offers options such as personalized news feeds and aggregators, which compile news from different websites into one site. One of the most popular news aggregators is Google News. Others include Topix.net, and TheFreeLibrary.com.
But, some people see too much personalization as detrimental. For example, some fear that people will have narrower exposure to news.
.
The Internet has also given rise to more participation by people who are not normally journalists, such as with Indy Media (Max Perez).
A research study conducted by Pew Research Center for The People & The Press offer a classification of newspaper readers and the movement of online readers. Around 46% of Americans are classified as Traditionalist. This means these people rely on traditional media sources like TV, newspaper and radio. Those in the Integrator category rely on traditional media as well as increasing internet news. This is around 23% of Americans. This is category is mostly of the baby boomer generation. The category that is now seeing an increase is the Net-Newsers. This is around 13% of Americans who rely mainly on the internet for their news. This category is mainly a younger generation like college graduates and who able to access the internet access easily whether it be a lap top, Blackberry or iPhone. This is where the future of readers and newspapers are headed.
Bloggers write on web logs or blogs. Traditional journalists often do not consider bloggers to automatically be journalists. This has more to do with standards and professional practices than the medium. But, as of 2005[update], blogging has generally gained at least more attention and has led to some effects on mainstream journalism, such as exposing problems related to a television piece about President Bush's National Guard Service.
Other significant tools of on-line journalism are Internet forums, discussion boards and chats, especially those representing the Internet version of official media. The widespread use of the Internet all over the world created a unique opportunity to create a meeting place for both sides in many conflicts, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Russian-Chechen War. Often this gives a unique chance to find new, alternative solutions to the conflict, but often the Internet is turned into the battlefield by contradicting parties creating endless "online battles."
The claim that on-line sources are less biased and more informative than the official media is often backed[weasel words] with the belief that on-line journalists are merely volunteers and freelancers who are not paid for their activity, and therefore are free from corporate ethics. But recently many Internet forums began to moderate their boards because of threat of vandalism.
Some online journalists have an ambition to replace the mainstream media in the long run. Some independent forums and discussion boards have already achieved a level of popularity comparable to mainstream news agencies such as television stations and newspapers.[citation needed]
Internet radio and Podcasts are other growing independent media based on the Internet.
Legal issues
One emerging problem with online journalism in the United States is that, in many states, individuals who publish only on the Web do not enjoy the same First Amendment rights as reporters who work for traditional print or broadcast media. As a result, unlike a newspaper, they are much more liable for such things as libel. In California, however, protection of anonymous sources was ruled to be the same for both kinds of journalism.
In Canada there are more ambiguities, as Canadian libel law permits suits to succeed even if no false statements of fact are involved, and even if matters of public controversy are being discussed. In British Columbia, as part of "a spate of lawsuits" against online news sites, according to legal columnist Michael Geist, several cases have put key issues in online journalism up for rulings. Green Party of Canada financier Wayne Crookes filed a suit in which he alleged damages for an online news service that republished resignation letters from that party and let users summarize claims they contained. He had demanded access to all the anonymous sources confirming the insider information, which Geist believed would be extremely prejudicial to online journalism. The lawsuit, "Crookes versus openpolitics", attracted attention from the BBC and major newspapers, perhaps because of its humorous name. Crookes had also objected to satire published on the site, including use of the name gang of Crookes for his allies.
Some experts including kumud ranjan believe that libel law is wholly incompatible with online journalism and that right of reply will eventually have to replace it. Otherwise commentary on events in places that give libel plaintiffs too many rights or powers will move to other jurisdictions and most of the comment will be made anonymous. Everyone would then lose rights and remedies, due to a few wealthy people with resources to launch libel suits on weak grounds. Jennifer Jannuska and other legal commentators have, while agreeing with strong protections for publishers who only host journalists, sometimes emphasize that the use of anonymizer technology makes even criminal abuses, not just libel, possible, and so should be avoided even if other rights are lost.
News collections
The Internet also offers options such as personalized news feeds and aggregators, which compile news from different websites into one site. One of the most popular news aggregators is Google News. Others include Topix.net, and TheFreeLibrary.com.
But, some people see too much personalization as detrimental. For example, some fear that people will have narrower exposure to news.
.
Online journalism
Online journalism is defined as the reporting of facts produced and distributed via the Internet.
As of 2009, audiences for online journalism continue to grow. In 2008, for the first time, more Americans reported getting their national and international news from the internet, rather than newspapers, and audiences to news sites continued to grow due to the launch of new news sites, continued investment in news online by conventional news organizations, and the continued growth in internet audiences overall, with new people discovering the internet's advantages for convenience, speed and depth.
However, the professional online news industry is increasingly gloomy about its financial future. Prior to 2008, the industry had hoped that publishing news online would prove lucrative enough to fund the costs of conventional newsgathering. In 2008, however, online advertising began to slow down, and little progress was made towards development of new business models.The Pew Project For Excellence in Journalism describes its 2008 report on the State of the News Media, its sixth, as its bleakest ever.
Despite the uncertainty, online journalists are cautiously optimistic, reporting expanding newsrooms. They believe advertising is likely to be the best revenue model supporting the production of online news.
An early leader in online journalism was The News & Observer in Raleigh, North Carolina. Steve Yelvington wrote on the Poynter Institute website about Nando, owned by The N&O, by saying "Nando evolved into the first serious, professional news site on the World Wide Web -- long before CNN, MSNBC, and other followers." It originated in the early 1990s as "NandO Land".
Many news organizations based in other media also distribute news online, but the amount they use of the new medium varies. Some news organizations use the Web exclusively or as a secondary outlet for their content. The Online News Association, founded in 1999, is the largest organization representing online journalists, with more than 1,700 members whose principal livelihood involves gathering or producing news for digital presentation.
The Internet challenges traditional news organizations in several ways. Newspapers may lose classified advertising to websites, which are often targeted by interest instead of geography. These organizations are concerned about real and perceived loss of viewers and circulation to the Internet.
As of 2009, audiences for online journalism continue to grow. In 2008, for the first time, more Americans reported getting their national and international news from the internet, rather than newspapers, and audiences to news sites continued to grow due to the launch of new news sites, continued investment in news online by conventional news organizations, and the continued growth in internet audiences overall, with new people discovering the internet's advantages for convenience, speed and depth.
However, the professional online news industry is increasingly gloomy about its financial future. Prior to 2008, the industry had hoped that publishing news online would prove lucrative enough to fund the costs of conventional newsgathering. In 2008, however, online advertising began to slow down, and little progress was made towards development of new business models.The Pew Project For Excellence in Journalism describes its 2008 report on the State of the News Media, its sixth, as its bleakest ever.
Despite the uncertainty, online journalists are cautiously optimistic, reporting expanding newsrooms. They believe advertising is likely to be the best revenue model supporting the production of online news.
An early leader in online journalism was The News & Observer in Raleigh, North Carolina. Steve Yelvington wrote on the Poynter Institute website about Nando, owned by The N&O, by saying "Nando evolved into the first serious, professional news site on the World Wide Web -- long before CNN, MSNBC, and other followers." It originated in the early 1990s as "NandO Land".
Many news organizations based in other media also distribute news online, but the amount they use of the new medium varies. Some news organizations use the Web exclusively or as a secondary outlet for their content. The Online News Association, founded in 1999, is the largest organization representing online journalists, with more than 1,700 members whose principal livelihood involves gathering or producing news for digital presentation.
The Internet challenges traditional news organizations in several ways. Newspapers may lose classified advertising to websites, which are often targeted by interest instead of geography. These organizations are concerned about real and perceived loss of viewers and circulation to the Internet.
news structure
News structure
Journalistic prose is explicit and precise, and tries not to rely on jargon. As a rule, journalists will not use a long word when a short one will do. They use subject-verb-object construction and vivid, active prose. They offer anecdotes, examples and metaphors, and they rarely depend on colorless generalizations or abstract ideas. News writers try to avoid using the same word more than once in a paragraph (sometimes called an "echo" or "word mirror.
Headline
The head of a story, in newsman's jargon. eg. "Pilot flies below bridges to save divers"
Subhead (or dek)
A phrase, sentence or several sentences near the title of an article or story.
Lead or intro
The most important structural element of a story is the lead or "intro" (in the UK) —the story's first, or leading, sentence. (Some American English speakers use the spelling lede (pronounced /ˈliːd/), from the archaic English, used to avoid confusion with the printing press type formerly made from lead or the related typographical term leading.[2]) Charnley (1966) stated that "an effective lead is a "brief, sharp statement of the story's essential facts"" (p. 166). The lead is usually the first sentence, or in some cases the first two sentences, and is ideally 20-25 words in length. The top-loading principle applies especially to leads, but the unreadability of long sentences constrains its size. This makes writing a lead an optimization problem, in which the goal is to articulate the most encompassing and interesting statement that a writer can make in one sentence, given the material with which he or she has to work. While a rule of thumb says the lead should answer most or all of the 5 Ws, few leads can fit all of these.
To "bury the lead" in news style, refers to beginning a description with details of secondary importance to the readers, forcing them to read more deeply into an article than they should have to in order to discover the essential point.
Article leads are sometimes categorized into hard leads and soft leads. A hard lead aims to provide a comprehensive thesis which tells the reader what the article will cover. A soft lead introduces the topic in a more creative, attention-seeking fashion, and is usually followed by a nut graph (a brief summary of facts).
Media critics[who?] often note that the lead can be the most polarizing subject in the article. Often critics accuse the article of bias based on an editor's choice in headline and lead.[citation needed]
Example Lead-and-Summary Design
Humans will be going to the moon again. The NASA announcement came as the agency requested ten trillion dollars of appropriations for the project. ...
Example Soft-Lead Design
NASA is proposing another space project. The agency's budget request, announced today, included a plan to send another person to the moon. This time the agency hopes to establish a long-term facility as a jumping-off point for other space adventures. The budget requests approximately ten gazillion dollars for the project. ...
Two other terms common in editing are hed and dek or deck. Hed is used to denote an article's headline or heading. Dek refers to a quick blurb or article teaser.
Nut graph
One or more paragraphs, particularly in a feature story, that explain the news value of the story.
Inverted pyramid
Journalism instructors usually describe the organization or structure of a news story as an inverted pyramid. The journalist top-loads the essential and most interesting elements of his or her story, with supporting information following in order of diminishing importance.
This structure enables readers to stop reading at any point and still come away with the essence of a story. It allows people to enter a topic to the depth that their curiosity takes them, and without the imposition of details or nuances that they would consider irrelevant, but still making that information available to more interested readers.
The inverted pyramid structure also enables articles to be trimmed to any arbitrary length during layout, to fit in the space available.
Inexperienced writers are often admonished "Don't bury the lead!" to ensure that they present the most important facts first, rather than requiring the reader to go through several paragraphs to find them.
Some writers start their stories with the "1-2-3 lead". This format invariably starts with a 5W opening paragraph (as described above), followed by an indirect quote that serves to support a major element of the first paragraph, and then a direct quote to support the indirect quote.
Feature style
News stories aren't the only type of material that appear in newspapers and magazines. Longer articles, such as magazine cover articles and the pieces that lead the inside sections of a newspaper, are known as features. Feature stories differ from straight news in several ways. Foremost is the absence of a straight-news lead, most of the time. Instead of offering the essence of a story up front, feature writers may attempt to lure readers in.
While straight news stories always stay in third person point of view, it's not uncommon for a feature magazine article to slip into first person. The journalist will often detail his or her interactions with interview subjects, making the piece more personal.
A feature's first paragraphs often relate an intriguing moment or event, as in an "anecdotal lead". From the particulars of a person or episode, its view quickly broadens to generalities about the story's subject.
The section that signals what a feature is about is called the nut graf or billboard. Billboards appear as the third or fourth paragraph from the top, and may be up to two paragraphs long. Unlike a lede, a billboard rarely gives everything away. This reflects the fact that feature writers aim to hold their readers' attention to the end, which requires engendering curiosity and offering a "payoff." Feature paragraphs tend to be longer than those of news stories, with smoother transitions between them. Feature writers use the active-verb construction and concrete explanations of straight news, but often put more personality in their prose.
Feature stories often close with a "kicker" rather than simply petering out.
Journalistic prose is explicit and precise, and tries not to rely on jargon. As a rule, journalists will not use a long word when a short one will do. They use subject-verb-object construction and vivid, active prose. They offer anecdotes, examples and metaphors, and they rarely depend on colorless generalizations or abstract ideas. News writers try to avoid using the same word more than once in a paragraph (sometimes called an "echo" or "word mirror.
Headline
The head of a story, in newsman's jargon. eg. "Pilot flies below bridges to save divers"
Subhead (or dek)
A phrase, sentence or several sentences near the title of an article or story.
Lead or intro
The most important structural element of a story is the lead or "intro" (in the UK) —the story's first, or leading, sentence. (Some American English speakers use the spelling lede (pronounced /ˈliːd/), from the archaic English, used to avoid confusion with the printing press type formerly made from lead or the related typographical term leading.[2]) Charnley (1966) stated that "an effective lead is a "brief, sharp statement of the story's essential facts"" (p. 166). The lead is usually the first sentence, or in some cases the first two sentences, and is ideally 20-25 words in length. The top-loading principle applies especially to leads, but the unreadability of long sentences constrains its size. This makes writing a lead an optimization problem, in which the goal is to articulate the most encompassing and interesting statement that a writer can make in one sentence, given the material with which he or she has to work. While a rule of thumb says the lead should answer most or all of the 5 Ws, few leads can fit all of these.
To "bury the lead" in news style, refers to beginning a description with details of secondary importance to the readers, forcing them to read more deeply into an article than they should have to in order to discover the essential point.
Article leads are sometimes categorized into hard leads and soft leads. A hard lead aims to provide a comprehensive thesis which tells the reader what the article will cover. A soft lead introduces the topic in a more creative, attention-seeking fashion, and is usually followed by a nut graph (a brief summary of facts).
Media critics[who?] often note that the lead can be the most polarizing subject in the article. Often critics accuse the article of bias based on an editor's choice in headline and lead.[citation needed]
Example Lead-and-Summary Design
Humans will be going to the moon again. The NASA announcement came as the agency requested ten trillion dollars of appropriations for the project. ...
Example Soft-Lead Design
NASA is proposing another space project. The agency's budget request, announced today, included a plan to send another person to the moon. This time the agency hopes to establish a long-term facility as a jumping-off point for other space adventures. The budget requests approximately ten gazillion dollars for the project. ...
Two other terms common in editing are hed and dek or deck. Hed is used to denote an article's headline or heading. Dek refers to a quick blurb or article teaser.
Nut graph
One or more paragraphs, particularly in a feature story, that explain the news value of the story.
Inverted pyramid
Journalism instructors usually describe the organization or structure of a news story as an inverted pyramid. The journalist top-loads the essential and most interesting elements of his or her story, with supporting information following in order of diminishing importance.
This structure enables readers to stop reading at any point and still come away with the essence of a story. It allows people to enter a topic to the depth that their curiosity takes them, and without the imposition of details or nuances that they would consider irrelevant, but still making that information available to more interested readers.
The inverted pyramid structure also enables articles to be trimmed to any arbitrary length during layout, to fit in the space available.
Inexperienced writers are often admonished "Don't bury the lead!" to ensure that they present the most important facts first, rather than requiring the reader to go through several paragraphs to find them.
Some writers start their stories with the "1-2-3 lead". This format invariably starts with a 5W opening paragraph (as described above), followed by an indirect quote that serves to support a major element of the first paragraph, and then a direct quote to support the indirect quote.
Feature style
News stories aren't the only type of material that appear in newspapers and magazines. Longer articles, such as magazine cover articles and the pieces that lead the inside sections of a newspaper, are known as features. Feature stories differ from straight news in several ways. Foremost is the absence of a straight-news lead, most of the time. Instead of offering the essence of a story up front, feature writers may attempt to lure readers in.
While straight news stories always stay in third person point of view, it's not uncommon for a feature magazine article to slip into first person. The journalist will often detail his or her interactions with interview subjects, making the piece more personal.
A feature's first paragraphs often relate an intriguing moment or event, as in an "anecdotal lead". From the particulars of a person or episode, its view quickly broadens to generalities about the story's subject.
The section that signals what a feature is about is called the nut graf or billboard. Billboards appear as the third or fourth paragraph from the top, and may be up to two paragraphs long. Unlike a lede, a billboard rarely gives everything away. This reflects the fact that feature writers aim to hold their readers' attention to the end, which requires engendering curiosity and offering a "payoff." Feature paragraphs tend to be longer than those of news stories, with smoother transitions between them. Feature writers use the active-verb construction and concrete explanations of straight news, but often put more personality in their prose.
Feature stories often close with a "kicker" rather than simply petering out.
News Style
News style (also journalistic style or news writing) is the prose style used for news reporting in media such as newspapers, radio and television. News style encompasses not only vocabulary and sentence structure, but also the way in which stories present the information in terms of relative importance, tone, and intended audience.
News writing attempts to answer all the basic questions about any particular event - the Five Ws - at the opening of the article. This form of structure is sometimes called the "inverted pyramid," to refer to the decreased importance of information as it progresses.
News stories also contain at least one of the following important characteristics: proximity, prominence, timeliness, human interest, oddity, or consequence.
Newspapers generally adhere to an expository writing mode and style, but over time and place journalism ethics and standards have varied in the degree of objectivity and sensationalism incorporated. There are debated definitions of professionalism among particular news agencies, and their reputability or public value, according to professional standards of idealism and depending on what the reader wants from a news story, may be tied to their appearance of objectivity. In its most ideal form, news writing strives to be intelligible to the vast majority of potential readers, as well as to be engaging and succinct. Within the limits created by these goals, news stories also aim for a kind of comprehensiveness. However, other factors are involved, some of which are practical and derived from the media form, and others stylistic.
Among the larger and more respected newspapers, fairness and balance is a major factor for the presentation of information. Commentary is usually confined to a separate section, though each paper may have a different overall slant. Editorial policy dictates the use of adjectives, euphemisms, and idioms. Papers with an international audience, for example, usually use a more formal style of writing.
The specific choices made by a news outlet's editor or editorial board are often collected in a style guide or stylebook; common commercial stylebooks are the "AP Style Manual" and the "US News Style Book". The main goals of news writing can be summarized by the ABCs of journalism: accuracy, brevity, and clarity.
News writing attempts to answer all the basic questions about any particular event - the Five Ws - at the opening of the article. This form of structure is sometimes called the "inverted pyramid," to refer to the decreased importance of information as it progresses.
News stories also contain at least one of the following important characteristics: proximity, prominence, timeliness, human interest, oddity, or consequence.
Newspapers generally adhere to an expository writing mode and style, but over time and place journalism ethics and standards have varied in the degree of objectivity and sensationalism incorporated. There are debated definitions of professionalism among particular news agencies, and their reputability or public value, according to professional standards of idealism and depending on what the reader wants from a news story, may be tied to their appearance of objectivity. In its most ideal form, news writing strives to be intelligible to the vast majority of potential readers, as well as to be engaging and succinct. Within the limits created by these goals, news stories also aim for a kind of comprehensiveness. However, other factors are involved, some of which are practical and derived from the media form, and others stylistic.
Among the larger and more respected newspapers, fairness and balance is a major factor for the presentation of information. Commentary is usually confined to a separate section, though each paper may have a different overall slant. Editorial policy dictates the use of adjectives, euphemisms, and idioms. Papers with an international audience, for example, usually use a more formal style of writing.
The specific choices made by a news outlet's editor or editorial board are often collected in a style guide or stylebook; common commercial stylebooks are the "AP Style Manual" and the "US News Style Book". The main goals of news writing can be summarized by the ABCs of journalism: accuracy, brevity, and clarity.
Objectivity in news
Objectivity in news
News organizations are often expected to aim for objectivity; reporters claim to try to cover all sides of an issue without bias, as compared to commentators or analysts, who provide opinion or personal point-of-view. However, several governments impose certain constraints or police news organizations for bias. In the United Kingdom, for example, limits are set by the government agency Ofcom, the Office of Communications. Both newspapers and broadcast news programs in the United States are generally expected to remain neutral and avoid bias except for clearly indicated editorial articles or segments. Many single-party governments have operated state-run news organizations, which may present the government's views.
Even in those situations where objectivity is expected, it is difficult to achieve, and individual journalists may fall foul of their own personal bias, or succumb to commercial or political pressure. Similarly, the objectivity of news organizations owned by conglomerated corporations fairly may be questioned, in light of the natural incentive for such groups to report news in a manner intended to advance the conglomerate's financial interests. Individuals and organizations who are the subject of news reports may use news management techniques to try to make a favourable impression.[citation needed] Because no human being can remain entirely objective (each of us has a particular point of view), it is recognized that there can be no absolute objectivity in news reporting.[citation needed]
Newsworthiness
Newsworthiness is defined as a subject having sufficient relevance to the public or a special audience to warrant press attention or coverage.
Normal people are not newsworthy unless they meet an unusual circumstance or tragedy. The news divides the population into two groups; those few whose lives are newsworthy, and the multitude who are born, live out their lives and die without the news media paying them any significant notice. The news has always covered subjects that catch people's attention and differ from their "ordinary lives". The news is often used for escapism and thus normal events are not newsworthy. Whether the subject is love, birth, weather, or crime, journalists' tastes inevitably run toward the unusual, the extraordinary.
The subject and newsworthiness of a story depends on the audience, as they decide what they do and do not have an interest in. The denser the population, the more global the reported news becomes, as there is a broader range of interests involved in its selection.
Only a fraction of news manages to convey the overall world development.
News organizations are often expected to aim for objectivity; reporters claim to try to cover all sides of an issue without bias, as compared to commentators or analysts, who provide opinion or personal point-of-view. However, several governments impose certain constraints or police news organizations for bias. In the United Kingdom, for example, limits are set by the government agency Ofcom, the Office of Communications. Both newspapers and broadcast news programs in the United States are generally expected to remain neutral and avoid bias except for clearly indicated editorial articles or segments. Many single-party governments have operated state-run news organizations, which may present the government's views.
Even in those situations where objectivity is expected, it is difficult to achieve, and individual journalists may fall foul of their own personal bias, or succumb to commercial or political pressure. Similarly, the objectivity of news organizations owned by conglomerated corporations fairly may be questioned, in light of the natural incentive for such groups to report news in a manner intended to advance the conglomerate's financial interests. Individuals and organizations who are the subject of news reports may use news management techniques to try to make a favourable impression.[citation needed] Because no human being can remain entirely objective (each of us has a particular point of view), it is recognized that there can be no absolute objectivity in news reporting.[citation needed]
Newsworthiness
Newsworthiness is defined as a subject having sufficient relevance to the public or a special audience to warrant press attention or coverage.
Normal people are not newsworthy unless they meet an unusual circumstance or tragedy. The news divides the population into two groups; those few whose lives are newsworthy, and the multitude who are born, live out their lives and die without the news media paying them any significant notice. The news has always covered subjects that catch people's attention and differ from their "ordinary lives". The news is often used for escapism and thus normal events are not newsworthy. Whether the subject is love, birth, weather, or crime, journalists' tastes inevitably run toward the unusual, the extraordinary.
The subject and newsworthiness of a story depends on the audience, as they decide what they do and do not have an interest in. The denser the population, the more global the reported news becomes, as there is a broader range of interests involved in its selection.
Only a fraction of news manages to convey the overall world development.
news reporting
In its infancy, news gathering was primitive by today's standards. Printed news had to be phoned in to a newsroom or brought there by a reporter, where it was typed and either transmitted over wire services or edited and manually set in type along with other news stories for a specific edition. Today, the term "Breaking News" has become trite as broadcast and cable news services use live satellite technology to bring current events into consumers' homes live as they happen. Events that used to take hours or days to become common knowledge in towns or in nations are fed instantaneously to consumers via radio, television, cell phones, and the Internet.
Newspapers
Most large cities had[citation needed] morning and afternoon newspapers. As the media evolved and news outlets increased to the point of near over-saturation, afternoon newspapers were shut down except for relatively few. Morning newspapers have been gradually losing circulation, according to reports advanced by the papers themselves.[citation needed]
Commonly, news content should contain the "Five Ws" (who, what, when, where, why, and also how) of an event. There should be no questions remaining. Newspapers normally write hard news stories, such as those pertaining to murders, fires, wars, etc. in inverted pyramid style so the most important information is at the beginning. Busy readers can read as little or as much as they desire. Local stations and networks with a set format must take news stories and break them down into the most important aspects due to time constraints. Cable news channels such as Fox News Channel, MSNBC, and CNN, are able to take advantage of a story, sacrificing other, decidedly less important stories, and giving as much detail about breaking news as possible.
Newspapers
Most large cities had[citation needed] morning and afternoon newspapers. As the media evolved and news outlets increased to the point of near over-saturation, afternoon newspapers were shut down except for relatively few. Morning newspapers have been gradually losing circulation, according to reports advanced by the papers themselves.[citation needed]
Commonly, news content should contain the "Five Ws" (who, what, when, where, why, and also how) of an event. There should be no questions remaining. Newspapers normally write hard news stories, such as those pertaining to murders, fires, wars, etc. in inverted pyramid style so the most important information is at the beginning. Busy readers can read as little or as much as they desire. Local stations and networks with a set format must take news stories and break them down into the most important aspects due to time constraints. Cable news channels such as Fox News Channel, MSNBC, and CNN, are able to take advantage of a story, sacrificing other, decidedly less important stories, and giving as much detail about breaking news as possible.
Monday, 12 October 2009
web journalism students practise sessionin SGTB Khalsa
kumar vaibhaiv and hemant sharma during interview practise session on 10/10/09
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